Designation:E213–04
Standard Practice for
Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing1
This standard is issued under thefixed designation E213;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1.Scope
1.1This practice2covers a procedure for detecting discon-tinuities in metal pipe and tubing during a volumetric exami-nation using ultrasonic methods.Specific techniques of the ultrasonic method to which this practice applies include pulse-reflection techniques,both contact and non-contact(for example,as described in Guide E1774),and angle beam immersion techniques.Artificial reflectors consisting of longi-tudinal,and,when specified by the using party or parties, transverse reference notches placed on the surfaces of a reference standard are employed as the primary means of standardizing the ultrasonic system.
1.2This practice is intended for use with tubular products having outside diameters approximately1⁄2in.[1
2.7mm]and larger,provided that the examination parameters comply with and satisfy the requirements of Section12.These procedures have been successful with smaller sizes.These may be speci-fied upon contractual agreement between the using parties. These procedures are intended to ensure that proper beam angles and beam shapes are used to provide full volume coverage of pipes and tubes,including those with low ratios of outside diameter-to-wall thickness,and to avoid spurious signal responses when examining small-diameter,thin-wall tubes.
1.3The procedure in Annex A1is applicable to pipe and tubing used in nuclear and other special and safety applica-tions.The procedure in Annex A2may be used to determine the helical scan pitch.
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赤壁缩写1.4This practice does not establish acceptance criteria;they must be specified by the using party or parties.张家口北
新村小学
1.5The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.The SI equivalents are in brackets and may be approximate.
1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:3
E543Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-destructive Testing
E1065Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1774Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)
E1816Practice for Ultrasonic Examinations Using Electro-magnetic Acoustic Transducer(EMAT)Techniques
2.2ASNT Documents:
Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification4
ANSI/ASNT CP-189Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel4
2.3Military Standards:
MIL-STD-410Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification5
2.4Aerospace Industries Association Document:
NAS410Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel6
3.Terminology
3.1Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-tice,see Terminology E1316.
济南ufo4.Summary of Practice
4.1A pulsed ultrasonic angle beam by means of non-contact,surface contact or immersion method shall be used. Fig.1illustrates the characteristic ultrasonic angle beam entry
1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06on Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved January1,2004.Published February2004.Originally approved in1963.Last previous edition approved in2002as E213-02.
2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice SE-213in the Code.
3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer
Service at For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing,Inc.,1711 Arlingate Lane,Columbus,OH43228.
5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,Bldg.4Section D,700 Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia,PA19111-5094,Attn:NPODS.
6Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America,Inc.,1250Eye St.
NW,Washington D.C.20005.
1
Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.
into the wall of a pipe or tube in the circumferential direction to detect longitudinal discontinuities using a single search unit.Fig.2illustrates the characteristic angle beam ultrasound entry into the wall
of a pipe or tube in the axial direction to search for transverse discontinuities using a single search unit.
N OTE 1—The immersion method may include tanks,wheel search units,or systems that use streams or columns of liquid to couple the ultrasonic energy from the search unit to the material.
4.2To ensure detection of discontinuities that may not provide a favorable response from one side,scanning shall be
performed in both circumferential directions for longitudinal discontinuities and when an axial scan is specified by the using party or parties,in both axial directions for transverse discon-tinuities.
4.3For efficient examination of large quantities of material,multiple search units and instruments may be used simulta-neously to perform scanning in the required directions.Mul-tiple search units may be employed for “interlaced”scanning in each required direction to enable higher examination rates to be achieved through higher allowable scan index or
“pitch.”
FIG.1Circumferential Propagation of Sound in a Pipe or Tube
Wall
FIG.2Axial Propagation of Sound in a Pipe or Tube
bp机Wall
5.Significance and Use
5.1The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for detecting and locating significant discontinuities such as pits, voids,inclusions,cracks,splits,etc.,by the ultrasonic pulse-reflection method.
6.Basis of Application
6.1The following are items that must be decided upon by the using party or parties.
6.1.1Size and type of pipe or tubing to be examined,
6.1.2Additional scanning for transverse discontinuities, 6.1.3Items that affect examination coverage may also be specified such as scan overlap,pulse density and maximum search unit size.
6.1.4The stage(s)in the manufacturing process at which the material will be examined,
6.1.5Surface condition,
6.1.6Maximum time interval between equipment standard-ization checks,if different from that described in13.2and the tolerance to be applied to a standardization check,
6.1.7Type,dimensions,location,method of manufacture, and number of artificial reflectors to be placed on the reference standard,
6.1.8Method(s)for measuring dimensions of artificial re-flectors and tolerance limits if different than specified in Section11,
6.1.9Criteria for reportable and rejectable indications(ac-ceptance criteria),
6.1.10Reexamination of repaired/reworked items,if re-quired or permitted,shall be specified in the contractual agreement.粒子
6.1.11Requirements for permanent records of the response from each tube,if applicable,
6.1.12Contents of examination report,
6.1.13Operator qualifications and certification,if required, 6.1.14Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies.If speci-fied in the contractual agreement,NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Practice E543.The applicable edition of Practice E543shall be specified in the contractual agreement.
6.1.15Level of personnel qualification.(See
7.1)
7.Personnel Qualification
7.1If specified in the contractual agreement,personnel performing examinations to this standard shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel quali-fication practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A,MIL STD-410,NAS-410,or a similar document and certified by the employer or certifying agency,as appli-cable.The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the using parties.
N OTE2—MIL STD-410is canceled and has been replaced with NAS-410,however,it may be used with agreement between contracting parties.
8.Surface Condition
8.1All surfaces shall be clean and free of scale,dirt,grease, paint,or other foreign material that could interfere with interpretation of examination results.The methods used for cleaning and preparing the surfaces for ultrasonic examination shall not be detrimental to the base metal or the surfacefinish. Excessive surface roughness or scratches can produce signals that interfere with the examination.
9.Apparatus
9.1Instruments shall be of the pulse echo type and shall be capable of detecting the reference notches of the types de-scribed in Section11to the extent required in the standardiza-tion procedure described in Section12.An independent chan-nel(or channels)of instrumentation shall be employed to individually monitor the responses from the longitudinal and, when required,transverse oriented search units.The instrument pulse repetition rate shall be capable of being adjusted to a sufficiently high value to ensure notch detection at the scanning rate employed.The instrument shall be capable of this pulse repetition rate without false indications due to spurious reflec-tions or interference from
other instruments and search units being used for simultaneous examinations in other directions or along other scan paths.
9.1.1The frequency and bandwidth of the instrument and search unit shall be capable of being selected to produce a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio for the detection of the re-quired notches as compared to background“noise”response from irregularities such as grain boundaries and surface rough-ness.
9.2Search unit frequency shall be selected to produce a desirable“signal-to-noise”ratio(S/N),from the material to be examined,at the specified sensitivity.A S/N value of at least3 to1is usually considered to be minimum.A higher minimum value is desirable and may be specified by the contracting agency.
9.2.1Select a search unit size,frequency and refracted angle (or corresponding parameters for non-contact techniques)to produce an approximate45degrees beam-center shear wave in the tube or pipe wall.For material with an outside diameter-to-thickness ratio less than7,a lower refracted angle(or corresponding parameters for non-contact techniques)must be used to ensure intersection with the inside surface.This does not ensure detection of midwall discontinuities[See Reference 5].
9.3The positions of all conveyor and drive mechanisms must be set to support and feed the material
to be examined in a stable manner and at the desired scan“pitch”(helix).For small tubes,support mechanisms must be used in the exami-nation station to prevent any transverse motion with respect to the search unit beam during scanning.If larger material that is not straight is to be examined the search units may have to be supported in a“follower”mechanism to compensate for this.
10.Couplant
10.1For piezoelectric-based search units(non-contact tech-niques do not require couplant),a couplant such as water,oil, or glycerin,capable of conducting ultrasonic vibrations be-tween the search unit and the pipe or tube being examined shall be used.Rust inhibitors,softeners,and wetting agents may be added to the couplant.The couplant liquid with all the additives should not to be detrimental to the surface
condition
of the pipe or tube,and shall wet the surface of the material to provide adequate coupling efficiency.To prevent spurious signals or loss of sensitivity,or both,care must be taken to avoid the presence of air bubbles in the couplant.
N OTE3—In the contact method,some couplants result in better ultrasonic transmission when the tubing is precoated several hours before the examination.
11.Reference Standards
11.1A reference standard of a convenient length shall be prepared from a length of pipe or tube of the same nominal diameter,wall thickness,material,surfacefinish,and acousti-cal properties as the material to be examined.The reference pipe or tube shall be free of discontinuities or other conditions producing indications that can interfere with detection of the reference notches.
11.2Longitudinal and,when required by the contracting agency,transverse reference notches shall be placed on both the outside and inside surfaces of the reference standard to ensure satisfactory examination sensitivity near each of these boundaries.
11.3Reference notches shall be separated sufficiently(cir-cumferentially or axially,or both)to preclude interference and interpretation difficulties.
11.4All upset metal,burrs,etc.,adjacent to the reference notches shall be removed.
11.5The notch dimensions,which are length,depth,and width(and for V-notches,the included angle)must be decided upon by the using party or parties.Fig.3illustrates the common notch configurations and the dimensions to be mea-sured(Note4).Reflection amplitudes from V-,square-,and U-shaped notches of comparable dimensions may vary widely depending on the angle,frequency,and vibrational mode of the interrogating sound beam.
N OTE4—In Fig.3(a),(b),and(d),the sharp corners are for ease of illustration.It is recognized that in normal machining practice,a radius will be generated.
11.5.1The notch depth shall be an average measured from the circular tubing surface to the maximum and minimum penetration of the notch.Measurements may be made by optical,replicating,or other agreed upon techniques.Unless specified otherwise by the using party or parties,the notch depth shall be within60.0005in.[0.013mm]of the specified value for notches0.005in.[0.13mm]or less in depth,and within+10,−15%of the specified value for notches over 0.005in.in depth.At the option of the testing agency, shallower notches may be used to provide a more stringent examination.
N OTE5—For as-rolled or scaly pipe or tube surfaces,it may be necessary to modify11.5.1.Two acceptable modifications are listed below.Modification(a)is preferred;however,modification(b)may be used unless otherwise specified.
(a)The circular pipe or tube surface may be smoothed or prepared in the
notch area,or
(b)The notch depth shall be within60.001in.[0.025mm],or+10,−15%
of the specified depth,whichever is greater.
11.5.2When notch tolerances are specified by the using party or parties,tolerances may often include only negative values with zero positive deviation allowed so that sensitivity is never reduced below a specified minimum value.The use of smaller notches by the examination agency is permissible, provided that concurrence is obtained from the contracting agency.
N OTE6—The amplitude of indications obtained from reference notches may not be linearly proportional to notch depth.This depends upon the intercepting beam width to notch length.
11.5.3The width of the notches shall be as small as practical,but should not exceed twice the depth.
11.6Other types and orientations of reference reflectors may be specified by the using party or parties.
12.Standardization of Apparatus
12.1Static Standardization—Using the reference standard specified in Section11,adjust the equipment to produce
clearly FIG.3Common Notch
Shapes
课堂教学有效性研究identifiable indications from both the inner and outer surface notches.The response from the inner and outer surface notches should be as nearly equal as possible.Use the lesser of the two responses to establish the rejection level.On large diameter or heavy wall pipe and tubing,if the inner and outer surface notch amplitude cannot be made equal because of material soundpath distance and inside diameter curvature,a separate rejection level may be established for the inner and outer surface notches. N OTE7—Distance-Amplitude Correction—A method of compensating for the reduction in ultrasonic signal amplitude as a function of material sound-path distance may be employed.Details of the procedures used to establish and apply the distance-amplitude correction(DAC)curve shall be established by the using party or parties.
12.2Dynamic Standardization—Standardize the equipment under dynamic conditions that simulate the production exami-nation.The pipe or tubing to be examined and the search unit assembly shall have a rotating translating motion relative to each other such that a helical scan path will be described on the outer surface of the pipe or tube.Maintain the speed of rotation and translation constant within610%.Axial scanning with circumferential indexing may be used to provide equivalent coverage.
12.3The pitch of the feed helix shall be small enough to ensure at least100%coverage at the examination distance and sensitivity established during standardization.Coverage shall be based upon the maximum effective size of the search unit, the pulse density for each instrument channel and the helix.
13.Procedure
13.1Examine the pipe or tubing with the ultrasound trans-mitted in both circumferential directions for longitudinal dis-continuities and,when specified,in both axial directions for transverse discontinuities,under identical conditions used for equipment standardization(see Note8).
N OTE8—Identical conditions include all instrument settings,mechani-cal motions,search unit positio
n and alignment relative to the pipe or tube, liquid couplant,and any other factors that affect the performance of the examination.
N OTE9—If a requirement exists for both longitudinal and transverse notches the following three options are available:
(a)Each pipe or tube is passed through a single-channel examination station four times,twice in each direction,
(b)Each pipe or tube is passed through a two-channel examination station twice,once in each direction,or
(c)Each pipe or tube is passed through a four-channel examination station once.
13.2Standardization Checks—Periodically check the dy-namic standardization of the equipment by passing the refer-ence standard through the examination system in accordance with12.2.Make these checks prior to any examination run, prior to equipment shutdown after an examination run,and at least every four hours during continuous equipment operation. Restandardize the equipment in accordance with12.1and12.2 any time the equipment fails to produce the signal amplitudes or other
conditions for rejection within the tolerances agreed upon with the contracting agency.In the event that the equipment does not meet this requirement,reexamine all pipe or tubing examined since the last acceptable standardization after restandardization has been accomplished.
13.2.1When required by the purchaser,more specific re-standardization criteria may be specified.
13.3For many tubular sizes and examination arrangements, there will be a reflection from the entry surface of the pipe or tube.This signal may be observed,but not gated,as a supplement to the required checking of the reference standard to provide increased assurance that the equipment is function-ing properly.If such a signal does not exist,make more frequent equipment standardization checks.
13.4Do not make any equipment adjustments,during ex-amination,unless the complete standardization procedure de-scribed in Section12is performed after any such adjustment.
13.5The examination shall be applied to100%of the pipe or tubing unless otherwise specified.
N OTE10—Some traversing mechanisms do not allow examination of pipe or tube ends.When this condition exists,clearly indicate the extent of this effect,per tube,in the examination report.
14.Interpretation of Results
14.1All indications that are equal to or greater than the rejection level established during standardization as described in Section12,using the agreed upon reference indicators described in11.5,shall be considered as representing defects and may be cause for rejection of the pipe or tube.Alterna-tively,the using party or parties may specify specific accep-tance criteria.
14.2If,upon further examination of the pipe or tube,no rejectable indications are detected,the material shall be con-sidered as having passed the ultrasonic examination,except as noted in13.2.
N OTE11—Rejected pipe or tubes may be reworked in a manner acceptable to the purchaser.If,upon ultrasonic reexamination of the reworked pipe or tube,no rejectable indications are detected,the material should be considered as having passed the ultrasonic examination.
N OTE12—Care should be exercised to ensure that reworking a pipe or tube does not change its acceptability with respect to other requirements of the material specification such as wall thickness,ovality,surfacefinish, length,and the like.
15.Documentation
15.1When a report is required,it shall contain such information as is mutually considered adequate to document that the examination of the pipe or tubes supplied meets the requirements of this practice,and any modifications specified in the contractual agreement.
15.2When a“third party”examination is required,as might be performed by an independent examination facility,and to the extent specified in the contractual agreement,a permanent record containing objective evidence of the examination results shall be obtained for pipe or tube examined.This may be in the form of a strip chart recording or computerized data of the ultrasonic instrument output during the examination.It shall contain recordings of all standardizations and standardization checks and should be annotated to provide a positive correla-tion between examination record for each reject pipe or tube and the corresponding pipe or tube.The supplier shall maintain a report of the examination onfile.When requested by
the
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